DIMACS Mini-Workshop on Quality of Service Issues in the Internet
February 8 - 9, 2001
DIMACS Center, Rutgers University
- Organizers:
- Funda Ergun, Co-Chair, Case Western Reserve University, afe@eecs.cwru.edu
- Michael Mitzenmacher, Harvard University, michaelm@eecs.harvard.edu
- Cenk Sahinalp, Case Western Reserve University, cenk@eecs.cwru.edu
- Aravind Srinivasan, Bell Labs, srin@research.bell-labs.com
- Bulent Yener, Co-Chair, Bell Labs, yener@research.bell-labs.com
Presented under the auspices of the Special Focus on
Next Generation Networks Technologies and Applications.
Abstracts:
1.
Effects of Filler Traffic in IP Networks
Nasser Alzidi, Adam Feldman, Vincenzo Liberatore
Case Western Reserve University
On the Internet, there is a well-documented requirement
that much more bandwidth be available than is used on average.
This extra bandwidth is required to handle "network spikes", those
times when network traffic peaks, using much more bandwidth than is
normally needed. Sometimes these spikes can be quite large, requiring
a network be provisioned to provide two to twenty times the bandwidth
than it uses under normal circumstances in order for the network
to maintain its adequate speed of operation and prevent degradation
for its users. Thus, for a network to achieve acceptable performance
a good portion of its bandwidth must sit idle most of the time. Due
to the oft high prices of bandwidth, this is either not feasible or
leads to quite a waste of money. However, if this extra bandwidth could
be used for other activities while it is not needed to handle a
spike of traffic, then the network would be much more cost effective. The
goal of this project is to determine a method of allowing the extra
bandwidth to fill its idle time by carrying low priority traffic. When
the network spike occurs, normal traffic would take priority over
this "filler" traffic, allowing the network to use this bandwidth as
if it had been idle. Since the filler traffic is composed of non-time
sensitive data, the interruption the spike causes is expected and not
disruptive. This way the network is equipped to handle all spikes of
traffic without slowdown, while at the same time, the
excess bandwidth is being used to accomplish work.
The problem in executing this idea is deciding the nature and
specifics of the filler traffic in such a way that prevents it from
interfering in any way with the normal, or pre-existing, traffic, yet
ensures that it will eventually reach its destination. To see
the effects different types of traffic have on the pre-existing traffic,
the results of a network simulation, using traffic data from a Harvar
trace and completed with NS-2, were studied. The simulation was executed
many times for the same input data, to see the effects of changing
different parameters, such as size and type of filler traffic
(CBR or FTP), filler buffer, and bandwidth and latency of the
central link of the simulated network. The results of this
experiment are packet dynamic, breaking down into four items, which
were charted over the experiments, for a given changing parameter: average
packet delay, percent of dropped packets, ack compression, and the
amount of bandwidth used. Each of these result categories were plotted
separately based on which type of traffic (pre-existing and filler) and
which direction, to show how the filler traffic in one direction affects
the pre-existing traffic in both directions.
The resulting output charts indicate that the idea of implementing filler
traffic is feasible. They also confirm that the exact parameters
used can have a profound impact on the effect the filler traffic
has on the pre-existing traffic. If the filler packets are too large
or sent at too high a rate, then the pre-existing traffic is slowed.
On the other hand, the usefulness of the filler traffic is also
dependent on the exact parameters used. For example, if the filler
buffer is very small, then the majority of the filler packets will be
dropped, resulting in little or no work being done by having the filler
traffic.
The next step is to study the effects of this filler traffic across a
network with a low bandwidth delay product (BDP), such as that of a bank of
modems. Since a modem network is much slower than a high-speed local
network, there is potential for filler traffic to adversely affect
the former even though the latter is unaffected. Once it is determined how
these two very different types of networks are affected by each type of filler
traffic, a general scheme of using specific filler traffic can be developed
and tested for effectiveness.
2.
Fast and efficient bandwidth reservation for robust routing
Lisa Fleischer
Carnegie-Mellon University
(L. Fleischer, A. Meyerson, I. Saniee, A. Srinivasan)
Given a set of point-to-point bandwidth demands, and a network
with fixed bandwidth capacity, we examine the problem of reserving
sufficient bandwidth in the network to route all demands, even
in the case of node or link failures. In addition, we wish to
enforce that traffic is sent over paths with small number of hops.
Thus we try to minimize the sum of bandwidth reserved over all links.
One approach is to insist on dedicated reserve bandwidth for
each commodity. This does not allow full utilization of network
bandwidth. Our approach is to allow reserve bandwidth to be shared by
multiple commodities. Experimental evidence indicates that
this allows for much higher network traffic volumes.
Our problem may be formulated as a linear (or integer) program.
However, this linear program is very large, and thus for real
routing scenarios, it may be impractical to devote sufficient
time to solve the LP exactly.
We develop an FPAS for solving the linear program. While
this problem is a multicommodity problem, it does not fall
into the framework of existing FPAS's for multicommodity flow
due to the fact that we need to reserve extra bandwidth
on separate paths in case of failures. Thus we extend existing
techniques to solve our problem. To obtain integer solutions,
we round the fractional solution from the FPAS and then use local
improvement.
3.
Delay-sensitive unicast and multicast routing
Ashish Goel
University of Southern California
With the growing popularity of delay sensitive services such as
voice and video, it is becoming more important to have efficient
routing schemes that result in routes that have a low delay as
well as a low-cost. In this talk, we will address this problem
for both unicast and multicast routing.
For unicast routing, we will present a series of engineering
observations that lead to an efficient algorithm for
computing delay constrained shortest paths from one source
to all destinations. For multicasting routing, we will present
an online algorithm that is O(log n) competitive with respect
to the total cost of the multicast tree, while guaranteeing,
at the same time, that the distance from the source to any
receiver along the tree is at most a constant factor more than the
shortest path distance. We will also describe our preliminary
implementation/simulation results for these algorithms.
The unicast routing algorithm represents joint work with
Ramakrishnan, Kataria, and Logothetis. The multicast routing
algorithm represents joint work witk Munagala.
4.
Invited Talk:
On The Impact of Aggregation on The Performance of Traffic
Aware Routing
Roch Guerin
University of Pennsylvania
This paper investigates the impact of traffic aggregation on the
performance of routing algorithms that incorporate traffic
information. The focus is on two main issues. Firstly, we explore the
relationship between the {\em average} performance of the network
and the level of granularity at which traffic can be assigned to
routes. More specifically, we are interested in how
average network performance improves as the ability of the routing
protocol to split traffic arbitrarily across multiple paths in the
network increases. Secondly, we focus on the impact of traffic
aggregation on short-term routing behavior. In particular, we
explore the effects of traffic aggregation on traffic variability,
which directly affects short-term routing performance.
Our analysis is based on traffic traces collected from an operational
network. The results of this study provide insights into the
cost-performance trade-offs associated with deploying routing
protocols that incorporate traffic awareness.
This is joint work with A. Sridharan, S. Bhattacharyya, C. Diot,
J. Jetcheva, and N. Taft
5.
Invited Talk:
Scalable Resource Reservation for Internet QoS
Ellen L. Hahne (AT&T Labs)
Joint work with Ping Pan (Juniper Networks)
and Henning Schulzrinne (Columbia University)
A growing number of Internet applications could benefit
by reserving network resources like link bandwidth.
Such applications include real-time voice and video,
better-than-best-effort data services, virtual private
networks, and traffic engineering.
The current Internet QoS architecture, called IntServ,
with its signalling protocol RSVP, operates per-flow
and end-to-end. Consequently, it suffers from three
problems: high packet forwarding costs, excessive
protocol overhead, and administrative difficulties
when operated across domain (i.e., carrier) boundaries.
Since the number of packets, flows, and domains in the
Internet are increasing rapidly, these scaling issues
must be addressed soon if Internet QoS is to become
a reality.
A newer proposed Internet QoS architecture, called
DiffServ, solves the packet forwarding scalability
problem, by classifying packets into a tiny number of
classes at the edge of the network. But the problems
of inter-domain administration and reservation protocol
overhead remain. For INTRA-domain resource reservation,
where protocol scalability is less of a concern, RSVP
may be appropriate. Other intra-domain solutions are
also possible; e.g., generously engineered networks may
not require resource reservation at all. Intra-domain
choices can be left to the individual carrier. But for
INTER-domain resource reservation, we propose a new
protocol, called the Border Gateway Reservation Protocol
(BGRP). BGRP is highly aggregated and scales well, in
terms of message processing load, state storage and
bandwidth. We believe that this combination --
DiffServ in the data plane, carrier's choice (e.g.,
RSVP) for intra-domain control, and BGRP for
inter-domain control -- is the right approach for
Internet resource reservation.
BGRP works as follows. It is designed for unicast
traffic, and it builds distributed data structures in
the form of sink trees. There is one sink tree for
each destination domain and each DiffServ traffic
class. A sink tree aggregates reservations of a
given traffic class from all data sources in the
network to the given destination domain. Since
backbone routers maintain only the sink tree
information, the total number of reservations at each
router scales linearly with the number of Internet
domains N. (Even aggregated versions of RSVP have a
reservation count that can grow like O(N^2).) We will
argue that BGRP introduces precisely the right degree of
aggregation for the current and future Internet.
6.
Invited Talk:
Dynamic Routing of Restorable Bandwidth Guaranteed Paths in MPLS
Networks
T.V. Lakshman Murali Kodialam
Lucent Technologies, Bell Laboratories
This talk will focus on algorithms for the routing of bandwidth
guaranteed paths in MPLS networks that survive single link/node failures.
Unlike traditional network design problems, where all the requests are
known ahead of time, in this talk we assume that bandwidth requests come
one at a time and have to be routed at the time of arrival. Each request
is routed along an active path with a designated backup path that will be
used to restore the connection in the case of network element failures.
Several different restoration options will be explored. The relative
advantages of the different options and the algorithmic implications
will be outlined.
7.
Effects of Pricing on Nash Equilibria and Total User Utility
Andrew Lomonosov
Andrew Lomonosov, Meera Sitharam
Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering
University of Florida
Kihong Park
Department of Computer Sciences
Purdue University
This talk deals with Quality of Service provision problem in noncooperative
networks where applications of users are selfish. We study a model of QoS
provision in noncooperative networks where every user is required
to use at most one service class. Individual user utility determines
level of satisfaction that user receives per unit of his traffic
volume from a certain Quality of Service and a price charged
for this unit of volume. Utility is inversely proportional
to price and directly proportional to Quality of Service.
Both Quality of Service and pricing per unit $p()$ are decreasing
functions of a total volume $q$ in the service class. Thus individual user
utility
is a function $U: q \rightarrow R$ from class volumes to
the nonnegative reals. We assume that when QoS is less than certain
threshold user derives no utility, hence $U(q)=0$ if $q > b$.
When $0 \leq q \leq b$ utility is a nondecreasing function.
We show that if $p()$ is a constant function then
a Nash Equilibrium will always be
reached starting from any initial configuration,
using any sequence of selfish moves by individual users.
If $p()$ is a non-constant increasing function then
we show a similar result if all selfish moves improve the utility
to a moving user, while not exceeding thresholds of other users.
If $p()$ is a non-constant increasing function and
selfish moves can exceed thresholds of other users
then Nash Equilibrium is not always reached.
We examine the effect various non-constant pricing functions have on total
user utility as well as on the existence of Nash Equilibrium.
We show that a random increasing pricing function is likely to
improve total user utility, however it is not likely
to induce a Nash Equilibrium. We also show that
certain special class of pricing functions always
induces a Nash Equilibrium and is likely to improve
total user utility.
8.
Invited Talk:
Internet Traffic Managers
Ibrahim Matta
Boston University
The desire to tame the unpredictability of today's Internet has led to
recent efforts to embed rich functionalities into networking devices
(e.g., switches and routers) in order to support specific applications
(e.g., streaming media) and emerging paradigms (e.g., multicast). In
tandem with these current trends, we believe that "Traffic Managers"
(TMs)---special network elements strategically placed in the
Internet---should implement control strategies for reducing traffic
burstiness and improving network utilization.
This talk reviews some basic control capabilities that these TMs
should employ to ensure desirable properties (e.g., satisfaction of
delay requirements, compliance with TCP semantics, or improved
fairness across flows). These control capabilities include
differentiated control of flows with divergent characteristics, and
aggregate control of "congestion-equivalent" flows. The focus of this
talk is on the control of TCP flows as they constitute the majority of
the traffic volume on the Internet today.
Based on control-theoretic principles, we illustrate the utility of a
low-cost differentiated control applied through a TM, where TCP flows
are "isolated" into classes based on their lifetime/size. This
isolation provides a firewall between flows with divergent
characteristics, including burstiness of arrivals/departures and
congestion/sending window dynamics.
9.
Integrated QoS Support in the Dynamic Mobility Agent (DMA) Architecture
Archan Misra
Telcordia Technologies
Authors: Sajal Das, Archan Misra, Subir Das and Anthony Mcauley
Our presentation discusses our architecture for integrating QoS
assurances and mobility management in future IP-based cellular networks.
We describe a Differentiated Services-based QoS architecture for
next-generation wireless networks. The architecture is based on the two-level
Dynamic Mobility Agent (DMA) hierarchical mobility management scheme and
integrates Bandwidth
Broker-based admission control and resource provisioning for mobile nodes.
The DMA architecture is extended to satisfy the QoS requirements of
a mobile node, while requiring it to specify its traffic profile only when
it first moves into a domain. We explore alternative approaches for
dynamically assigning Mobility Agents to a mobile node and evaluates their
suitability for different service differentiation models. We also
explain the advantages of defining a hierarchical diffserv profile
enforcement mechanism in the cellular domain, especially from the
standpoints of scalability and signaling efficiency.
10.
Invited Talk:
Traffic Engineering and Control for the Management of Service
Level Agreements in Packet Networks
Debasis Mitra
Lucent Technologies, Bell Laboratories
The talk considers templates for QoS-centered Service Level Agreements (SLA),
and a framework for their real time management in multiservice packet networks.
The SLAs are for QoS-assured delivery of aggregate bandwidth from
ingress to egress nodes, where the elementary entities are flows or calls of
various QoS classes. A SLA monitoring scheme is presented in which revenue is
generated by the admission of flows into the network, and penalty incurred when
flows are lost in periods when the service provider is not SLA-compliant. In
the SLA management scheme proposed here the results of a prior design are used,
in conjunction with measurements taken locally at ingress nodes, to classify
the loading status of routes as either undersubscribed or oversubscribed.
Our resource management is based on Virtual Partitioning and its supporting
mechanism of Bandwidth Protection, which aims to carry as much of the offered
flows at any time as is compatible with the protection of future
undersubscribed routes. The effectiveness of SLA management is
measured by the robustness in performance in the presence of great
diversity in actual traffic conditions. The talk will describe a
simulation testbed called D'ARTAGNAN from which numerical results for
a case study are presented. The results show that the SLA management
scheme is robust, fair and efficient over a broad range of traffic
conditions.
11.
Comfortable Service Based on Policed Priority Queuing
for Per-Flow QoS Guarantee
Yasuo Okabe
Authors: Kenji Fujikawa, Yasuo OKABE
Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University
In order to guarantee QoS of each flow, Policed Priority
Queuing (PPQ), which processes packets in constant time, and
statistically guarantee bandwidth, packet loss ratio and
queuing delay, is proposed. The behavior of PPQ is analyzed
by elementary queuing theory. Comfortable Service (CS),
which is based on PPQ and realizes statistical end-to-end
QoS guarantee on the Internet, is discussed.
PPQ is already implemented in a hardware router, which can
handle 1000 individual flows at a gigabit-class interface.
In an experimental environment using the routers, 15 video
servers transmit 180 motion JPEG streams, each of which is
320x240 size, 30 frame per second, and 4.5 Mbps, on an
one-Gbps interface. The total bandwidth of the streams is
810 Mbps. A client can replay a full-motion video stream
without being influenced not only best-effort traffic, but
also streams which violate the pre-assigned bandwidth of 4.5
Mbps, under the condition that the replayed video stream
obey the pre-assigned bandwidth.
12.
Voice QoS Metrics for Packet Based Communications Systems
Dan Quinlan
Lucent Technologies, Bell Laboratories
Joint work with
J. McGowan, T. Spencer, S. Pennock
Lucent Technologies, Bell Laboratories
During the development of the wired analog network, engineering teams
recognized from the start that voice quality was a primary design driver.
As such, projects aimed at understanding speech mechanisms and the human
auditory system were a key component of the telephony research executed in
the first half of this century. The current migration from TDM to new
packet-based (and wired to wireless) voice communication systems has given
rise to a new set of signal degradations, and these impairments can have
severe perceptual effects. While the ideal system would transmit voice at
high bit-rates and with no signal degradation, packet voice systems are
often designed using signal compression in the edge equipment, and the
transmission paths are far from ideal. In this arena, mainstream
communications systems can no longer be thought of as linear and
time-invariant. So, many of the techniques used to evaluate performance
are no longer workable, and now the communications industry is struggling
to figure out how to systematically evaluate the effects of these new
impairments. The first step is a recognition that a connection must be
made between objective specifications and subjective response. The talk
will present a broad overview of the key issues, and will present some
thoughts regarding how the communications industry is responding
to these problems.
13.
A Simple Efficient Approximation Scheme for the
Restricted Shortest Path Problem with Applications to
QoS Routing in the Internet
Danny Raz
Bell Laboratories and Technion
In this talk I'll describe a very simple fully polynomial approximation
scheme for the restricted shortest path problem. The complexity
of this $\epsilon$-approximation scheme is
$O(|E| n ( \log \log n + 1/\epsilon))$, which improves Hassin's
original result [Has92] by a factor of $n$ and is compared
favorably with the much more complex result of Cynthia Phillips
[Phil93]. Furthermore, this complexity bound is valid for
general graphs regardless of the cost values.
I'll then describe how to apply these techniques to
Quality of Service (QoS) routing in the Internet. It turns out that the
problem of how to provide the required QoS level with a minimal cost is
a natural generalization of the restricted shortest path problem. For
example, one can use similar approximation schemes to efficiently
compute the path that ensures a certain delay bound (say 200 ms) for
voice over IP, with almost a minimal cost to the customer.
This is joint work with Dean Lorenz, Ariel Orda, and Yuval Shavitt
14.
Minimizing Expected Service Time for Databroadcast
Nicolas Schabanel
DIMACS and AT&T
Databroadcast protocoles have been designed to unload the networks
from delivering the most popular information. Instead of sending these
informations thousand of times as soon as a user requests them, a
databroadcast server continuously broadcasts these popular
informations on a shared medium (such as wireless, satelite,
ethernet,...): a user who is interested in one of these informations,
connects to the media, monitors the channels until the information is
broadcast. The server does not know the effective user requests but
knows the popularities p_1,...,p_m of each information
M_1,...,M_m. The goal is then to find a schedule that optimizes the
quality of service, that is to say the expected service time for a
random user.
Several variants of this problem exist. We will present the latest
results in this area including the study of the cases where the
information have equal and not equal lengths and where preemption is
allowed. This work is essentially algorithmic.
At the end of the talk we will also present possible extension: What
happend if we try to take into account the effective requests? What
happend if one introduce dependencies between the messages?...
15.
Invited Talk:
Buffer Overflow Management in QoS Switches
Baruch Schieber,
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
We consider two types of buffering policies that are used in network
switches supporting QoS (Quality of Service). In
the FIFO type, packets must be released in the order they arrive; the
difficulty in this case is the limited buffer space. In
the "bounded-delay" type, each packet has a maximum delay time by which it
must be released, or otherwise it is lost. We study the cases where the
incoming streams overload the buffers, resulting in packet loss. In our
model, each packet has an intrinsic value; the goal is to maximize the
total value of packets transmitted.
Our main contribution is a thorough investigation of the natural greedy
algorithms in various models. For the FIFO model we prove tight bounds on
the competitive ratio of the greedy algorithm that discards the packets
with the lowest value. We also prove that the greedy algorithm that drops
the earliest packets among all low-value packets is the best greedy
algorithm. This algorithm can be as much as 1.5 times better than the
standard tail-drop policy, that drops the latest packets.
In the bounded delay model we show that the competitive ratio of any online
algorithm for a uniform bounded delay
buffer is bounded away from 1, independent of the delay size. We analyze
the greedy algorithm in the general case and in three special cases: delay
bound 2; link bandwidth 1; and only two possible packet values.
Finally, we consider the off-line scenario. We give efficient optimal
algorithms and study the relation between the bounded-delay and FIFO
models in this case.
This is joint work with Alexander Kesselman, Zvi Lotker, Yishay Mansour,
Boaz Patt-Shamir and Maxim Sviridenko.
16.
A Distributed QoS Multicast Routing Protocol
Yuval Shavitt
Bell Labs and Tel Aviv University
Multicast is an efficient way to deliver content to a large group of
receivers by using a tree structure along which all communication is
carried out. Building a multicast tree, termed multicast routing, was
studied extensively. Finding an optimal multicast tree, i.e., a tree that
uses a minimal number of links, is known to be NP-hard. Thus heuristics were
deployed to find trees that are "good enough". The simplest heuristic was
to use the existing unicast routing paths and build a tree of shortest paths
from the sources (or some core node in case of several sources) to the
destinations. This approach was adopted by the IETF in its multicast
standardization effort, where shortest path trees are used as multicast trees:
DVMRP[Dee89], PIM [EFH+98], MOSPF[Moy94].
The shorttest path trees work well for delivering information that is not
QoS sensitive. However, when applications have non-trivial QoS Requirements
(delay bound, throughput, etc.) there is a high probability that the shortest
path trees would not have adequate characteristics [CNS00].
Let a feasible tree be a multicast tree that satisfies the QoS requirement.
A feasible tree branch (path) is a path that connects a new group member to a
multicast tree and has the resources to support the required QoS. The task
of QoS multicast routing is to find feasible tree branches for new group
members. Finding feasible tree branches is difficult in very large networks
such as the Internet because it is impractical to maintain the global QoS state
at any single node. A brute-force flooding algorithm that searches all
possible paths in the network guarantees to find a feasible branch if one
exists. However, the excessive overhead of full-scale flooding deems to be
impractical for all but small networks. Thus, for applications that require
QoS guarantees, recent research focuses on distributed multicast routing
algorithms that search a selected subset of the network to find feasible tree
branches for new group members [Sha96, CC97, CRS97, FPB98, CN99, CNS00].
Ths spanning join protocol by Carlberg and Crowcroft [CC97] relies on limited
distance flooding to find a feasible tree branch to connect a new member. It
starts with a small flood radius and use increasing larger radii after a
failure to find a feasible path. While it works relatively well for small
networks, its excessive communication overhead deems it impractical for large
networks. QoSmic[FPB98] introduces an extra control element, called Manager
router, to handle the join requests of new members. In large multicast
trees the search for 'good' in-tree nodes to start the search of a path to
the new leaf is fairly expensive.
A good QoS routing protocol achieves a favorable tradeoff between the routing
overhead and the ability of finding a feasible path (often quantified as
success ratio or success probability). In addition, a good protocol exhibits
or optimizes other characteristics, such as minimizing the extra state
information the protocol maintains in the network; decentralizing the routing
operations to spread the workload; and adapting the routing activity according
to the current network condition and avoiding the area where traffic
congestion occurs. QMRP[CNS00] is a protocol that exhibits a very good
tradeoff between the routing overhead and the success probability. In
addition, QMRP has many of the good merits mentioned above. However, QMRP
suffers from two drawbacks. First, QMRP deposits temporary state in the
network routers for each join request. This hurts its scalability. The second
drawback is that QMRP is suitable only for application with non-additive QoS
requirements such as bandwidth and buffer space, and cannot be used for
additive/multiplicative requirements such as delay or packet loss. While
spanning join [CC97] and QoSMIC [FBP98] do no have the above problem, they
have much higher overhead and lower success probability [CNS00].
This work suggests a new stateless QoS multicast routing protocol, S-QMRP,
that is based on similar ideas in selecting the sub-graph to be searched for a
feasible route, but uses a completely novel design. The key difference is
that S-QMRP searches for a feasible route starting from the current tree
towards the leaf. This has several advantages over QMRP which searches in
the reverse direction from the joining leaf to the tree. First one can
dynamically aggreagate several join requests and maintain a single state per
multicast group. This reduces the state in the routers especially in peak
hours when many join requests arrive simultaneously. It also reduces the
signaling load. Second, the search in the reverse direction enables us to
handle additive QoS requirements by incorporating heuristics that relay on the
fact that the length of the path to the joining leaf can be obtained from the
unicast routing protocol.
The new protocol maintains other merits of QMRP such as:
Robustness: The routing process is fully decentralized, which helps spreading
the workload and reduces the chance of single-point falilure.
Operability: Like PIM, the protocol can operate on top of any existing
unicast routing algorithm. It does not require any extra global network
state to be maintained in the network.
Loop freedom: The protocol always constructs loop-free multicast trees.
We will present its supberb performance in comparison to other existing
solutions, such as QosMIC and spanning join.
Joint work with Shigang Chen, Cisco Systemts.
17.
Blocking Probability Estimates in a Partitioned Sector TDMA System
Lisa Zhang
Lucent technologies, Bell Laboratories
We consider a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) system in which each
sector is allocated a fixed set of frequency bands. Due to spatial
variation in the nature of interference, a voice call originating in a
sector may have an acceptable signal to noise ratio only on a subset of the
sector's frequencies. Given a Poisson traffic arrival distribution, we
derive estimates of the sector blocking probability. In particular, we
present lower bounds that are independent of the specific call allocation
algorithm, and also examine specific call assignment algorithms such as
Repacking, Least Busy and Optimal Random Routing. We develop a simple
heuristic that allows us to obtain fast and accurate sector blocking
probability estimates. The latter serve as crucial inputs for the design
and optimization of capacity and coverage in TDMA networks.
This is joint work with Chandra Chekuri, Kavita Ramanan and Phil Whiting.
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Document last modified on February 5, 2001.